RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica (SM) e seus componentes em adolescentes brasileiros. Fontes de dados: Realizaram-se buscas nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) por estudos transversais originais publicados entre 2010 e 2021. Os critérios de inclusão foram determinados pelo Mnemônico CoCoPop — Condição, Contexto e População: estudos que determinam a prevalência de SM e seus componentes (condição) na população geral de adolescentes brasileiros, feminino e masculino (população), matriculados em escolas públicas ou privadas em áreas rurais ou urbanas (contexto). Revisões, editoriais, artigos não relacionados com a prevalência de SM ou que incluíssem grupos etários não adolescentes ou com condições de saúde específicas (obesidade/sobrepeso e outros) foram excluídos. Síntese dos dados: Quinze estudos, com 43.227 adolescentes, foram identificados. A prevalência de SM (intervalo de confiança — IC95%) no sexo masculino foi de 2,9% (2,65–3,18) e no feminino foi de 2,4% (1,90–2,90) (p<0,001), pelos critérios da Federação Internacional de Diabetes (IDF). Houve diferença significativa na prevalência de SM entre regiões brasileiras (Q=24,7; p<0,001). A menor prevalência de SM (IC95%) foi encontrada em região Norte, com 1,8% (1,52–2,13), e a maior na região Nordeste, com 2,9% (2,62–3,23). Em relação aos componentes da SM, maior prevalência (IC95%) foi encontrada para lipoproteína de baixa densidade (HDL) baixa (22,1%, 12,49–36,17), seguida de obesidade abdominal (11,0%, 8,05–14,94) e hipertensão arterial (10,3%, 7,84–13,48). Conclusões: Este estudo permitiu determinar a prevalência da SM e seus componentes em adolescentes brasileiros, destacando aspectos relevantes a serem abordados na gestão da saúde pública.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among Brazilian adolescents. Data source: Databases, such as LILACS, MEDLINE, and SciELO, were searched for original cross-sectional studies published between 2010 and 2021. The inclusion criteria were determined based on the mnemonic CoCoPop — Condition, Context, and Population: studies determining the prevalence of MS and its components (condition) in the general population of Brazilian adolescents, female and male (population), enrolled in public or private schools in rural or urban areas (context). Reviews, editorials, and articles that did not directly relate to the prevalence of MS or that included non-adolescent age groups or groups with specific health conditions (obesity/overweight and others) were excluded. Data synthesis: A total of 15 studies, including 43,227 adolescents, were identified. MS prevalence (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) was 2.9% (2.65–3.18) and 2.4% (1.90–2.90) (p<0.001) in males and females, respectively, by using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. There was a significant difference in MS prevalence among Brazilian regions (Q=24.7; p<0.001). The lowest MS prevalence (95%CI) was determined for North Region of Brazil, 1.8% (1.52–2.13), and the highest for Northeast Region of Brazil, 2.9% (2.62–3.23). Regarding MS components, a higher prevalence (95%CI) was found for low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 22.1% (12.49–36.17), followed by abdominal obesity, 11.0% (8.05–14.94), and arterial hypertension, 10.3% (7.84–13.48). Conclusions: This study allowed the determination of the prevalence of MS and the MS components in Brazilian adolescents, highlighting relevant aspects to be addressed on public health management.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratio and insulin resistance in women with obesity and normal-weight women. This was a cross-sectional study with 128 women (62 women with obesity and 66 normal-weight women). We measured dietary minerals intake and analyzed magnesium and calcium biomarkers. Ca/Mg ratio in diet, plasma and urine were calculated. We have evaluated glycemic parameters. Women with obesity had low dietary magnesium, reduced plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations, and elevated urinary magnesium excretion. Plasma calcium concentration was lower and urinary calcium excretion was higher in patients with obesity than in the normal-weight group. Dietary magnesium and calcium intake per kilogram of body weight per day was lower in obese women than in the control group. Ca/Mg ratio in plasma and urine were elevated in women with obesity. We found a significant correlation among magnesium biomarkers and calcium parameters. Ca/Mg ratio seems to be associated with insulin resistance in obese women.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre la relación Ca/Mg y la resistencia a la insulina en mujeres con obesidad y en mujeres con peso normal. El diseño del estudio fue transversal y participaron 128 mujeres (62 mujeres con obesidad y 66 mujeres con peso normal). Se analizó la ingesta de minerales en la dieta y se realizaron análisis de biomarcadores de magnesio y calcio. Se calculó la relación Ca/Mg en dieta, plasma y orina y se evaluaron los parámetros glicémicos. Las mujeres con obesidad tenían niveles bajos de magnesio en la dieta, concentraciones reducidas de magnesio en plasma y eritrocitos, y excreción urinaria de magnesio elevada. La concentración plasmática de calcio fue menor en pacientes con obesidad, y la excreción urinaria de calcio fue mayor que en el grupo de mujeres con peso normal. La ingesta dietética de magnesio y calcio por kilogramo de peso corporal por día fue menor en las mujeres con obesidad, que en el grupo control. La relación Ca/Mg en plasma y orina estaba elevada en mujeres con obesidad. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los biomarcadores de magnesio y los parámetros de calcio. La relación Ca / Mg parece estar asociada con la resistencia a la insulina en mujeres con obesidad.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the association between the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and plasma zinc in women with fibroadenoma. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 37 premenopausal women with fibroadenoma. Waist circumference and body mass index of the participants were measured. Plasma zinc concentrations were determined using atomic flame absorption spectrophotometry. Fragments of breast tissue were fixed and incubated with primary mouse monoclonal antibodies (monoclonal antibodies matrix metalloproteinase -2 -507 and monoclonal antibodies matrix metalloproteinase -9-439). Semi-quantitative analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 immunoreactivity was performed. Spearman’s test and Friedman’s test were used for statistical analyses. The p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 32.81±9.51 years. The body mass index and waist circumference values were within the normal range. The mean plasma zinc concentration was 42.73±13.84 µg/dL, with 94.6% inadequacy. A statistically significant difference was found between the positive expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (p=0.0184). There was no significant correlation between the matrix metalloproteinase expression and the plasma zinc levels. CONCLUSIONS: Women with fibroadenoma had hypozincemia and positive expression of metalloproteinases.

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether low magnesium concentration is related to increased cardiovascular risk in obese women. Methods: This case-control study included women, who were divided into two groups: case (BMI>35 kg/m2) and control group (18.5>BMI>24.9 kg/m2). Body weight, height, waist, neck and hip circumference were measured according to the methodology described by the Ministry of Health. The analyses of plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary magnesium concentrations were performed using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method. The lipid fractions were analyzed according to the enzymatic colorimetric method using a Cobas Integra automatic biochemical analyzer. Results: Mean plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were lower in the obese women compared to the control group (p<0.05). The urinary excretion of this mineral showed a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05), and the obese women excreted a higher amount of magnesium in the urine. With regard to the cardiovascular risk parameters, obese women demonstrated higher values compared to the control group (p<0.05). The study showed a negative correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that obese women exhibit changes in nutritional status with regard to magnesium, with reduced concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, and increased concentration in the urine. However, the results do not suggest a role of magnesium in protection against cardiovascular risk factors in the patients evaluated in this study.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si una concentración baja de magnesio está relacionada con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres obesas. Métodos: Este estudio de casos y controles incluyó mujeres, que se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo de casos (IMC>35 kg/m2) y control (18,5>IMC>24,9 kg/m2). El peso corporal, la altura, la cintura, la circunferencia del cuello y la cadera se midieron según la metodología descrita por el Ministerio de Salud. Los análisis de las concentraciones de magnesio en plasma, eritrocitos y orina se realizaron utilizando el método de espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente. Las fracciones lipídicas se analizaron según el método colorimétrico enzimático utilizando un analizador bioquímico automático Cobas Integra. Resultados: Las concentraciones medias de magnesio en plasma y eritrocitos fueron menores en las mujeres obesas en comparación con el grupo de control (p<0.05). La excreción urinaria de este mineral mostró una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (p<0.05), y las mujeres obesas excretaron una mayor cantidad de magnesio en la orina. En cuanto a los parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular, las mujeres obesas mostraron valores más altos en comparación con el grupo control (p<0,05). El estudio mostró una correlación negativa entre el magnesio de los eritrocitos y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en el grupo de control (p<0,05). Conclusión: Estos resultados indican que las mujeres obesas presentan cambios en el estado nutricional con respecto al magnesio, con concentraciones reducidas en el plasma y eritrocitos, y concentración aumentada en la orina. Sin embargo, los resultados no sugieren un papel del magnesio en la protección contra los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes evaluados en este estudio.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre a sensibilidade gustativa, a preferência pelos sabores doce e salgado e o estado nutricional de adolescentes em escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo de natureza transversal, envolvendo 1.036 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos. A preferência pelos sabores doce e salgado e por alimentos ricos em açúcar ou sódio foi avaliada. Medidas do índice de massa corporal e testes de reconhecimento de gosto-intensidade foram conduzidos. Resultados A maioria dos participantes foi incapaz de identificar os sabores e/ou intensidades e somente 18,0% dos participantes foram capazes de identificar corretamente o sabor e intensidade das amostras. A maioria dos participantes (82,1%) preferiram alimentos doces e tiveram baixa sensibilidade a esse gosto, bem como uma grande proporção de indivíduos que preferem salgado (82,3%) eram menos sensíveis ao sal (p<0,001). A preferência pelo gosto salgado foi associada com excesso de peso. Conclusão Foi encontrada uma associação entre a preferência pelos sabores doce e salgado e o estado nutricional, destacando a importância de escolhas alimentares pobres no desenvolvimento de obesidade e outras doenças crônicas.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity, preference for sweet and salty flavours, and nutritional status of adolescents in public schools. Methods We used a cross-sectional study involving 1,036 adolescents of both sexes, aged 10-19 years. Preference for sweet or salty flavours and preference for foods high in sugar or sodium were evaluated. Measurements of body mass index and taste flavour intensity recognition were conducted. Results Most participants were unable to identify the flavours and/or intensities, and only 18.0% of participants were able to correctly identify both the flavour and intensity of the samples. Most participants (82.1%) preferring sweet foods had low sensitivity to this taste, just as a large proportion of individuals preferring saltiness (82.3%) were less sensitive to salt (p<0.001). Preference for saltiness was associated with pre-obesity. Conclusion We found an association between a preference for sweet or salty flavours and nutritional status, highlighting the importance of poor food choices in the development of obesity and other chronic diseases.

Resumo Introdução: O acúmulo de gordura visceral na obesidade está associado à produção excessiva de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, o que contribui para o estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau. A literatura também tem mostrado que a deficiência de minerais, em particular do magnésio, possui papel importante na patogênese desse distúrbio metabólico com repercussões clínicas relevantes. Objetivo: Trazer informações atualizadas sobre a participação da hipomagnesemia na inflamação crônica de baixo grau em indivíduos obesos. Método: Bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e ScienceDirect, utilizando as palavras-chave: "obesity", "magnesium" e "low grade inflammation". Resultados: As evidências científicas sugerem que a deficiência de magnésio favorece a manifestação da inflamação crônica de baixo grau em indivíduos obesos. Conclusão: É evidente a participação do magnésio, por meio de reações bioquímicas e metabólicas, na proteção contra esse distúrbio metabólico presente na obesidade.

Summary Introduction: The accumulation of visceral fat in obesity is associated with excessive production of proinflammatory adipokines, which contributes to low-grade chronic inflammation state. Moreover, the literature has shown that mineral deficiency, in particular of magnesium, has important role in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disorder with relevant clinical repercussions. Objective: To bring updated information about the participation of hypomagnesemia in the manifestation of low-grade chronic inflammation in obese individuals. Method: Articles published in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and ScienceDirect, using the following keywords: "obesity," "magnesium" and "low grade inflammation." Results: Scientific evidence suggests that magnesium deficiency favors the manifestation of low-grade chronic inflammation in obese subjects. Conclusion: From literature data, it is evident the participation of magnesium through biochemical and metabolic reactions in protecting against this metabolic disorder present in obesity.

Resumo O zinco é componente catalítico de proteínas que regulam respostas a danos no DNA, enzimas de sinalização intracelular e metaloproteinases de matriz, proteínas importantes na carcinogênese. O objetivo desta revisão é trazer informações atualizadas sobre a participação do zinco e das metaloproteinases de matriz dos tipos 2 e 9 em mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese do câncer de mama. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, mediante consulta às bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs. O zinco e os resíduos de cisteína são elementos estruturais compartilhados por todos os membros da família das metaloproteinases de matriz, as quais parecem estar envolvidas na propagação de vários tipos de neoplasias, incluindo o câncer de mama. Além disso, é provável que o zinco transportado seja utilizado para metalação do domínio catalítico das metaloproteinases recentemente sintetizadas antes de serem segregadas. Nesse sentido, o aumento das concentrações de zinco em compartimentos celulares e a redução desse oligoelemento no sangue de pacientes com câncer de mama parecem alterar a atividade das metaloproteinases 2 e 9, contribuindo para a ocorrência de tumor maligno. Assim, faz-se necessária a realização de novos estudos na perspectiva de esclarecer o papel do zinco e das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 na patogênese do câncer de mama.

Summary Zinc is the catalytic component of proteins that regulate responses to DNA damage, intracellular signaling enzymes, and matrix metalloproteinases, which are important proteins in carcinogenesis. The objective of this review is to bring current information on the participation of zinc and matrix metalloproteinases types 2 and 9 in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. We conducted a literature review, in consultation with the PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo databases. The zinc and cysteine residues are structural elements shared by all members of the family of matrix metalloproteinases, and these proteins appear to be involved in the propagation of various types of neoplasms, including breast cancer. Moreover, transported zinc is likely to be used for the metalation of the catalytic domain of the newly synthesized metalloproteinases before the latter are secreted. Accordingly, increase in zinc concentrations in cellular compartments and the reduction of this trace element in the blood of patients with breast cancer appear to alter the activity of metalloproteinases 2 and 9, contributing to the occurrence of malignancy. Thus, it is necessary to carry out further studies with a view to clarify the role of zinc and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.